Vivandieres, sometimes known as cantinieres, were women who followed the
army to provide support for the troops. Ideally, a vivandiere would
have been a young woman the daughter of an officer or wife of a
non-commissioned officer who wore a uniform and braved battles to
provide care for wounded soldiers on the battlefield.
The history of vivandieres can be traced to the French Zouave regiments
in the Crimean War. By 1859, many local militia regiments in the United
States had adopted the name “Zouave,” wore colorful uniforms, and
adopted the practice of having a “daughter of the regiment” in their
ranks. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, these regiments — in
both the North and the South — answered the call for troops. Vivandieres
saw most of their service during the early years of the war. By
September 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered that all women be
removed from military camps in his theater.
Vivandieres did not
fight in battles but were often armed, earned honors, and were sometimes
captured by the enemy. Their most important contribution was the
essential medical care they provided as field nurses. As battles raged,
vivandieres made their way through the wounded offering immediate medial
care. Calculating the exact number of women who served as vivandieres
is nearly impossible. Neither North nor South recognized the service of
vivandieres and they are rarely mentioned in official records. Their
courage and brave deeds are recorded in personal accounts and post-war
regimental histories. While we cannot put a name to the young woman in
this photograph, there are a few vivandieres whose names have become
symbolic of all those who served:
Sarah Taylor – 1st Tennessee (US) – prisoner of war
Marie Tepe – Collis’ Zouaves – awarded the Kearny Cross
Eliza Wilson – 5th Wisconsin
Ella Gibson – 49th Ohio
Lucy Ann Cox – 13th Virginia
Kady Brownell –1st and 5th Rhode Island
Bridget Divers – 1st Michigan Cavalry
Annie Etheridge – 3rd and 5th Michigan – awarded the Kearny Cross
Marie
Tepe was one such courageous woman. Originally born in France in 1834,
Marie was raised by her father and later moved to the United States
following his death. When she was nearly 20 years of age, she married
Bernhard Tepe, a Philadelphia tailor. When the Civil War began, her
husband joined the 27th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment. As
soon as her husband left so did Marie, despite Bernhard wanting her to
stay and mind the tailor shop in Philadelphia.
In the spring of 1861, Marie Tepe became a vivandiere with the 27th
Pennsylvania Volunteers. She is better known as the vivandiere of the
114th Pennsylvania. The original company of that regiment was organized
in the early weeks of August, 1861, by Captain Charles H. T. Collis as
the Zouaves d'Afrique. Then in mid-August of 1862, Collis raised nine
more companies to form the 114th, with himself as colonel. Like the
original company, the 114th was a Zouave unit, based on the renowned
North African and European Zouave regiments of the French army. The
soldiers wore a Zouave uniform; so did Mrs. Tepe, who left the 27th and
went with Collis's outfit. She wore a blue jacket and red pants; to
distinguish herself from the men, she wore a skirt trimmed in red.
"French Mary," as she was often called, participated in the Battle of
Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. During the battle, she received a
bullet wound to the ankle. For her bravery during the battle she
received the coveted Kearny Cross, which was awarded to valorous
veterans of the First Division of the III Army Corps in memory of its
late division commander, General Philip Kearny.
After a short
hospitalization she rejoined the regiment. In July 1863, Marie and her
regiment joined the fight at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. When the battle
was over, "French Mary" volunteered her services as a nurse to help the
wounded. After a few weeks of tending to the injured she continued on
with her regiment. Marie Tepe served through the rest of the war and
later moved to Pittsburgh. She attended the reunion of the Battle of
Fredericksburg in 1893. The famous "French Mary" died in 1901.
The
Vivandieres who served in the Civil War showed great courage in the
face of battle. These daring souls, like Marie Tepe, are the forgotten
women of the Civil War. They went above and beyond the duties of a
vivandiere to serve their country. French Mary and other vivandieres
earned the recognition and respect of their regiments. They deserve to
be remembered.
And here's my custom for the Marie Tepe aka "The French Mary"...
The French Mary 1834 - 1901
American Civil War
Vivandiere
Information via...
Gilder Lehrman
Army.mil
wikipedia